The layering system: How to layer outdoor clothing

The layering system: How to layer outdoor clothing

Now that spring is finally on the horizon, we've updated our guide to layering and how to best adapt your clothing to all outdoor conditions

Spring is just around the corner and with it comes the moody weather conditions that define the season. Mark Twain once said, “In the spring I counted one hundred and thirty-six types of weather in twenty-four hours.”

Here in the UK, spring weather, so often described as 'mixed' or 'unpredictable', essentially includes everything from perfect mountain walking conditions with blue skies, sunshine and a cool breeze, to treacherous conditions full of mud, stormy skies and gale-force winds.

As I prepare for my first expeditions of the year, I use the following layering system, a proven method for adapting layers to all outdoor conditions.

The shift system

Although this is a widely used system, there is no patent recipe for perfect outdoor clothing. However, the one thing the layering system offers is versatility. The aim is to manage all the variables associated with rapidly changing weather conditions combined with fluctuating physical exertion.

So never be afraid to adjust or double the system when conditions require it. During my Aconcagua climb I wore two middle layers most days and on summit day I wore an additional down jacket over my lightweight down jacket. In total I had six layers on by the time I reached the summit, but I needed them!

The general rule of thumb for layering is: base layer + mid layer + outer layer = comfort. By adjusting your base, mid and outer layers, you'll stay comfortable in ever-changing conditions.

Base layer

The base layer is the lowest layer and is worn directly on the skin. A base layer has two main functions: it is intended to regulate body temperature and wick moisture away from the skin.

This is important for me because I sweat a lot. When sweat builds up on my skin, I quickly become too cold as soon as my physical exertion subsides. Sometimes I use an ultra-thin and quick-drying synthetic vest along with a base layer to wick moisture away from the skin as quickly as possible.

Soloviova Liudmyla/ShutterstockA base layer can be long or short sleeve

Synthetic materials such as polyester and polypropylene are excellent at wicking away moisture and helping it evaporate quickly. Likewise, wool is an effective material and a popular choice for hiking and skiing.

Merino wool in particular doesn't scratch, conducts and insulates well, and doesn't retain body odor like synthetics can - great for longer expeditions that compromise personal hygiene!

Middle class

The middle layer is often referred to as the insulation layer because this is where the heat is generated in the layer system. Depending on your activity and the conditions you expect, there are different types of midlayers, all aimed at trapping your body heat while remaining breathable when activity levels increase and cooling down is required.

Fleeces, softshells and insulated jackets are popular midlayers. As with the base layer, a quick-drying and breathable material is ideal, so the same choices are available.

Atlas & BootsPeter on the trek to Everest Base Camp with fleece as a middle layer

Additionally, duck or goose down can be an excellent insulator because it has an excellent warmth-to-weight ratio. This can be very effective in extremely cold and dry conditions.

For me, my trusty fleece has proven ideal for most activities in the UK, but a softshell or lightweight down jacket are also excellent mid-layers.

Finally, don't be afraid to double up on the middle layer, either with a long-sleeved additional base layer underneath or a thicker softshell or down jacket on the outside.

Atlas & BootsDoubling down on middle classes

Outer layer

The outer layer is the first and last defense against the elements in your layering system. A good outer layer or shell prevents lashing rain or howling wind from entering while allowing body heat and moisture to escape, preventing overheating.

There are three main types of outer layers: hardshells, softshells and insulated jackets.

Waterproof hardshells are the classic outer layer and my personal choice in almost all conditions. Ideally, it has taped seams, strong and reliable weatherproof zippers and good breathability. The most popular examples of this are Gore-Tex or Event membranes, which offer excellent reliability and durability.

Atlas & BootsMy hardshell has higher pockets for access when I'm wearing a harness

If you're lucky enough to know that you don't need fully waterproof clothing, softshells are an outer layer option. Just as they act as a middle layer in cooler weather, they can act as an outer layer in warmer weather. Softshells offer improved comfort because they are stretchy and flexible, provide wind protection and are more breathable than even the best waterproof garments.

Finally, in very cold conditions or when mountaineering, an insulated synthetic or down jacket can be very effective as an outer layer, but additional layering options are essential. If you need a down jacket, you can assume that weather conditions or your activity level will likely fluctuate significantly.

Atlas & BootsPeter on the summit of Aconcagua in seven layers!

Shift system mistakes to avoid

Start too hotThe first thing I was taught on a winter mountaineering course years ago was to start the day uncomfortably cold. After a few minutes of activity, you should start warming up. If you don't warm up enough, you can always layer up.

However, if you get too hot, you'll end up sweating into your layers and getting wet from the inside, putting you at risk of being cold, damp, and uncomfortable all day.

I get too hot. This is particularly relevant for me as I sweat a lot. The biggest problem with cool weather isn't necessarily that it gets too cold - it actually gets too hot and sweaty. In cold conditions this can get you into serious trouble.

Once you stop moving, hypothermia can set in in as little as five minutes in winter conditions. The solution is simple: As soon as you start sweating, you should immediately remove layers to regulate your temperature.

Wearing too littleDon't be tempted to wear thicker and fewer layers. As I said, I sometimes wear an extra base layer, but I would never consider fewer or thicker layers. Your layering system should consist of at least a base, middle and outer layer, which you can then scale up and down as you go.

Wearing CottonAvoid using cotton layers. For base and mid layers, it retains moisture and is never waterproof. Stick to polyester, polypropylene or merino wool.

Putting fashion first, just don't do it. Trendy colors, cool patterns, and a casual look are great for the Whole Foods frozen food aisle, but they won't save your life in the wild. Your layering system needs to fit snugly against your skin and leave room for additional layers on top. Always choose substance over style and never say “crass.”

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